ORANGE  CULTURE  IN 

SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA 


"From 
Seed  to 
Consumer" 


ISSUED  BY  THE 

LOS  ANGELES  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE 

1912 

FROM 
niTKITS  PROTECTIVE  LEAGUE 


OF  CALIFORNIA 
LOS  ANGELES 


•  : 


Superiority  of  the  California  Orange 

Unstinted  Praise        "The    California    fruit   is   gradually   taking   the 

from  market,   and  will  eventually  take  it  all."     This 

Opponents.  startling  and  sweeping  statement  was  made  by 

Francis  E.  Hamilton,  appearing  in  the  interest 

of  citrus  fruit  importers  at  the  Tariff  Hearings,  November  18,  1908, 
before  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Chase  of  Jacksonville,  Florida,  speaking  at  the  same 
hearings  of  the  advantages  enjoyed  by  California,  and  of  the  greater 
need  of  Florida  for  protection  for  her  citrus  fruit,  said,  "California 
can  ship  oranges  every  day  in  the  year" 

Certainty        Mr.  E.   P.   Porcher  of  Jacksonville  and  Coco,  Florida, 

of  who  appeared  upon  behalf  of  the  Jacksonville  Chamber 

Crop.          of  Commerce,  referred  to  the  superior  richness  of  the 

California  soil,  the  better  climatic  conditions,  the  security 

from  drought  and  freedom  from  cold,  all  insuring  a  certainty  of  crop. 

(See  page  45,  Tariff  Hearings  before  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee 

of  the  House  of  Representatives,  Nov.  18,  1908.) 

What  is  Left          Any  one  who  will  take  the  trouble  to  read  these 

for  the  hearings  on  the  citrus  fruit  industry  before  the 

Boosters  to  Say?       Ways  and  Means  Committee  will  be  amazed  at 

the  many  unsought  tributes  paid  the  California 

fruit  by  opponents  in  business.  Boosters  for  California  could  not  say 
more. 

Credit  to  Whom        There  is  no  intention  to  enter  here  into  a  dis- 

Credit  cussion  of  the  merits  of  the  tariff,  or  its  bearing 

is  Due.  upon  the  citrus  fruit  industry,  but  before  leaving 

the   hearings,   one   quotation   from   Mr.    Champ 

Clark,  a  member  of  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means :  "God  Al- 
mighty has  done  a  great  deal  for  your  state,  and  the  more  protection 
you  have  thr  more  you  want."  To  this  Mr.  Woodward  of  San  Fran- 
cisco made  rejoinder,  "God  Almighty,  as  you  say,  has  done  a  great 
deal  for  California.  At  the  same  time  the  citizens  have  done  a  great 
deal." 

Climate  and  Soil      It  has  taken  brains  and  hard  work,  as  well  as 

Plus  climate  and  soil,  to  produce  the  California  orange 

Brains  and  Brawn,    of  commerce.     In  a  way  it  may  almost  be  classed 

as   a  manufactured  product.     The  certainty  of 

crop  testified  to  by  Mr.  Porcher  of  Florida,  has  been  made  possible 
by  an  elaborate  system  of  irrigation,  and  by  the  use  of  natural  and 
artificial  fertilizers.  No  rain  descending  from  above  has  ever  been 
graduated  so  to  facilitate  the  growth  of  a  fruit  as  has  the  application 


of  >vat?2-  by  irrigating  ditches.  Through  the  returning  of  its  elements 
to  tlie  >soil  by  fertilisation,  in  addition  to  the  splendid  irrigation  sys- 
tems, a  continuous  succession  of  heavy  crops  may  be  assured. 

Southern  California,  the  modern  Garden  of  Eden,  minus  the  ser- 
pent and  blossoming  as  the  rose,  was  once  thought  arid  and  useless 
desert, — was,  in  fact,  part  of  what  was  known  as  the  Great  American 
Desert.  The  transformation  has  not  been  wrought  through  a  miracle, 
but  by  the  thought  and  hard  work  of  California  citizens.  They  have 
experimented  with  localities,  brought  water  upon  dry  land,  studied 
the  soil  that  they  might  enrich  it,  worked  and  watched  and  waited 
and  prayed, — possibly  some  of  them  have  cursed;  and  now  that  their 
sheaves,  i.  e.,  their  full  orange  crops,  are  in,  their  success  is  attributed 
to  God  Almighty.  It  is  due  to  Him,  but  in  a  different  way  from  that 
intended  by  Mr.  Clark,  for  God  created  not  only  the  California  country 
and  climate,  but  the  California  citizen. 

A  Sweet  Morsel        "The    California   fruit   is   gradually   taking  the 

for  market,  and  will  eventually  take  it  all."     This 

Californians.  statement  is  worthy  of  study.     It  may  well  be 

rolled  under  the  California  tongue  as  a  sweet 

morsel.  It  means  that  just  as  soon  as  California  produces  enough 
fruit  to  supply  all  demands,  none  other  will  have  a  show.  It  is  an 
application  of  the  law  of  the  survival  of  the  fittest,  a  new  reading 
of  "To  him  that  hath  shall  be  given." 

Spiritual  Seed        A  brief  glance  at  the  history  of  the  orange  in  Cali- 
and  fornia    will    not    come    amiss    here.     In  1769  the 

Material.  Franciscan  fathers  started  north  from  Lower  Cali- 

fornia, and  entering  what  is  now  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia, established  twenty-one  missions  under  the  direction  of  Father 
Junipero  Serra.  Their  avowed  object  was  the  harvest  of  savage  souls 
that  might  be  brought  to  Christianity ;  but  in  the  sowing  of  this  spirit- 
ual seed  they  did  not  forget  their  physical  comfort,  nor  forego  the 
sowing  of  the  material  seed  that  would  in  time  bring  fruit  -to  satisfy 
the  craving  of  their  palates.  Eighteen  of  the  twenty-one  missions 
boasted  gardens  and  orchards,  and  to  these  fruit-loving  pioneer  fathers 
of  the  Catholic  Church  may  be  attributed  the  discovery  of  the  peculiar 
fitness  of  the  California  soil  and  climate  for  the  beautiful  golden  ball 
which  brings  wealth  to  its  producers  and  health  to  its  consumers. 

From  Small  LouisVignes  and  Manuel  Requena  planted  small  groves 
Beginnings.  at  Los  Angeles  for  home  use  in  the  year  1834.  In 
1841  William  Wolfskill  set  out  two  acres  to  oranges 
as  a  business  venture,  and  it  is  thought  this  was  the  first  orchard  in 
the  state  planted  with  a  view  to  commercial  profit.  There  are  rec- 
ords of  meagre  and  scattered  plantings  from  this  time  on.  The 
records  state  that  in  1862  there  were  only  25,000  trees  in  the  entire 
state.  The  completion  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  in  1873 
greatly  facilitated  the  profitable  marketing  of  the  fruit  outside  of 
California  and  spurred  her  citizens  to  fresh  plantings. 

The  stories  of  the  introduction  of  the  Washington  navel  orange 
into  California  by  Mrs.  Luther  C.  Tibbetts,  of  the  Valencia  by  Mr. 


Chapman  of  San  Gabriel,  of  the  Mandarin  by  Dr.  S.  R.  Magee,  and 
of  other  varieties  by  various  pioneers  and  promoters,  may  all  be  found 
in  the  voluminous  Government  Reports,  and  have  been  so  often  retold 
that  they  are  omitted  from  this  bulletin. 

Oranges        Orange    culture    in    California    is    already    the    most 

a  productive    branch    of   horticultural    industry   in   any 

Golden  Crop,     state  in  the  country.     The  annual  shipments  amount 

to  30,000  carloads,  or  between  10,000,000  and  12,000,- 

000    boxes,    with    an    estimated  value  of  $20,000,000,  less  packing 

charges.     In  addition  to  this  $20,000,000  to  the  growers  and  packers, 

the  crop  pays  over  $13,000,000  for  transportation  and  refrigeration. 

Associations  have  been  formed  to  protect  and  advance  the  in- 
terests of  the  growers  of  Southern  California  by  co-operation,  to 
exchange  information  on  fruit  culture  obtained  through  experiment 
and  experience,  and  to  extend  the  advice  of  pioneer  fruit  growers 
to  those  planning  to  engage  in  horticultural  pursuits  in  Southern 
California. 

Uncle  Sam         The  growers  have  not  been  unaided  in  making  ex- 
Chips  periments.     Considerable    sums    have    been    spent    in 
In.  scientific  investigations  by  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture,  through   its   Bureau   of   Plant   Industry,    for 
the  furtherance  of  the  tremendous  interests  invested  in  orange  culture ; 
and  these  investigations  have  been  made  particularly  with  reference 
to  economy  in  gathering,  packing  and  shipping;  that  is,  the  handling 
of  the  fruit  with  a  view  to  a  minimum  percentage  of  decay  while  in 
transit  and  upon  the  market. 

Sources  Information  gleaned  from  the  above  mentioned  asso- 

of  ciations,   from   reports   of  governmental  experiments, 

Information.       and  from  other  available  sources  and  publications,  has 

gone  toward  making  up  this  little  bulletin  on  orange 

culture  sent  forth  by  the  Los  Angeles  Chamber  of  Commerce.     Any 

one  wishing  to  investigate  further  the  subject  of  orange  culture  will 

do  well  to  consult  the  following  documents : 

"The  Citrus  in  California,"  by  B.  M.  LeLong,  revised  by  the  State 
Board  of  Horticulture,  1902;  Fourth  Edition  of  "California  Fruits 
and  How  to  Grow  Them,"  by  Edward  J.  Wickson,  A.  M.,  published 
by  Kruckeberg  Press,  Los  Angeles,  1909;  "The  Decay  of  Oranges 
while  in  Transit  from  California,"  by  G.  Harold  Powell,  Pomologist 
in  Charge  of  Fruit  Transportation  and  Storage  Investigations,  issued 
by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  as  Bulletin  123  of 
the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry;  the  "Year  Books"  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture;  University  of  California  Bulletin  138;  Bulletins  122 
and  152  and  Circular  11,  all  to  be  had  free  upon  application  to  the 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  at  Berkeley,  California ;  Tariff  Hear- 
*ngs  before  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, Sixtieth  Congress,  Wednesday,  November  18,  1908 ;  Brief 
of  Facts  concerning  Citrus  Tariff  Presented  to  the  Ways  and  Means 
Committee  by  a  Committee  representing  the  Citrus  Protective  League 
of  California. 


COST  OF  LAND  AND  BRINGING  IT  INTO  BEARING. 

Land  Suitable  There  should  be  a  reasonable  certainty  that  the 

for  land  is  not  visited  by  winds  and  frost;  and,  just 

Orange  Culture.         as  a  southern  exposure  is  preferable  for  a  house, 

so  it  is  for  an  orange  grove,  but  it  is  far  from 

essential.  Lands  backed  on  the  north  by  high  hills  and  mountains  are 
especially  desirable.  Many  orange  growing  communities  have  been 
established  on  such  lands;  but  as  these  localities  have  come  very 
largely  into  demand  for  residential  purposes,  the  bare  land  commands 
a  very  pretty  price.  For  a  radius  of  thirty  miles  or  more  about  Los 
Angeles  the  country  is  covered  with  a  network  of  electric  railways, 
and  its  consequent  accessibility  has  appreciably  raised  its  value.  How- 
ever, suitable  land  for  orange  culture  can  still  be  secured  in  rural 
communities  in  Southern  California  for  from  $200  to  $500  per  acre, 
depending  upon  locality  and  soil.  Soil  favorable  for  orange  growing 
varies  from  a  light  disintegrated  granite  to  a  heavy,  dark  loam.  The 
subsoil  is  as  important  as  the  surface.  Hardpan  should  be  avoided, 
or  strata  of  sand  and  gravel. 

Water  for  A  buyer  should  take  great  care  to  see  that  there  is 
Irrigation  an  attached  to  the  land  a  water  supply  sufficient  for 
Essential.  irrigation  when  the  grove  he  intends  planting  shall 
have  come  into  full  bearing.  That  such  a  supply 
exists  and  that  its  use  shall  be  secured  to  him  for  years  to  come 
should  be  a  matter  of  searching  inquiry  before  purchase  of  land  for 
orange  growing.  He  should  have  from  one  miner's  inch  of  water 
to  ten  acres  to  one  inch  to  four  acres,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
soil.  Inquiry  in  the  neighborhood  where  he  thinks  of  buying  will 
advise  him  how  much  water  is  required  for  the  soil  in  that  particular 
locality. 

Windbreaks.  Lands  visited  by  winds  may  in  other  respects  be 
desirable  for  orange  culture.  In  such  case,  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  plant  windbreaks  on  the  windward  side  of  each  five  or 
ten  acres.  These  windbreaks  usually  consist  of  alternate  eucalyptus 
and  pepper  trees,  planted  ten  or  twelve  feet  apart.  The  pepper  is  a 
dense,  low-growing  tree,  while  the  eucalyptus  is  tall  and  slender.  The 
combination  makes  a  high,  solid  wall,  capable  of  offering  great  re- 
sistance to  the  wind.  Both  are  rapid-growing  trees.  The.  Mon- 
terey cypress  also  is  used  for  windbreaks.  These  trees  should  be 
planted  from  six  to  eight  feet  apart.  Ample  space  should  be  allowed 
on  each  side  of  windbreaks.  If  placed  too  near  the  fruit  trees  they 
rob  the  latter  of  sustenance. 

Cost  After  the  purchase  price  of  the  land  comes  the  out- 

of  lay  for  developing  a  grove.     By  ten  years  a  grove 

Development.  should  be  in  full  bearing;  but  from  the  fourth  year 
there  will  be  some  returns,  and  by  the  sixth  year  the 
returns  should  offset,  or  more  than  offset,  the  yearly  outlay.  The 
cost  of  irrigation  and  cultivation  will  vary  according  to  local  con- 
ditions, such  as  soil,  climate,  water  supply  and  lay  of  land,  from 
$15  to  $25  per  annum  for  irrigation,  and  from  $15  to  $20  per  annum 
for  cultivation.  Where  the  labor  is  performed  by  the  owner  or  mem- 


bers   of  his   family   the   expenditure  is   materially   reduced.     Assuror 
ing,  however,  that  the  owner  hires  the  labor,  and  placing  the  cost  oi' 
the  land  arbitrarily  at  $250  per  acre  as  a  basis  for  the  estimates,  foe<- 
low  is   computed  the  maximum  and  minimum  cost  per  acre  of  an  - 
orange  grove  at  the  end  of  six  years.     These  figures  do  not  include  • 
interest  on  investment  and  taxes.     The  tax  rates  vary  so  in  different 
counties  and  different  school  districts  that  it  is  impossible  to  give  any 
definite  figures. 

Maximum.  Minimum. 

Land,  per  acre $250  'Land,  per  acre $250 

Prep.,  plants  and  planting 150  Prep.,  plants  and  planting......  125 

Six  years  irrigation 150  Six  years  irrigation .„. ,   90 

Six  years  cultivation 120  Six  years  cultivation 90 ; 

$670  $55,5| 

From  the  sixth  year  on  there  is  generally  a  cost  for  fertilizers.' 
Say  that  fertilization   from  the  sixth  to  the  tenth  year  amounts  tci 
from  $150  to  $175,  the  grove  will  have  cost  at  the  end  of  ten  yearsV 
when  it  should  be  in  full  bearing,  from  $825  to  $1025  per  acre,  as 
shown  by  the  following  table:  . :,  — : 

Maximum.  Minimum. 

Land,  per  acre $250  Land,  per  acre....r „ $250 

Prep.,  plants  and  planting 150  Prep.,  plants  and  planting 125 

Ten  years  irrigation 250  Ten  years  irrigation - 150, 

Ten  years  cultivation 200  Ten  years  cultivation H ,  150; 

Four  years  fertilization 175  Four  years  fertilization 150- 


$1025  ,  ;  $825; 

As  before   said,   there   is  considerable  reduction   in  the  expense 
where  the  owner  or  members  of  his  family  perform  the  labor. 

The  It  must  be  remembered  in  looking  at  the  second  set  of 

Returns.  figures  that  for  four  years  or  more  the  crop  will  have 
been  paying  a  more  or  less  handsome  return  on  the  in- 
vestment. The  net  returns  to  the  average  grower  from  a  grove  in 
full  maturity  should  be  from  $100  to  $500  per  acre  per  annum,  ac- 
cording to  variety  of  fruit,  locality,  market  conditions  and  care  given. 
Good  managers  often  get  much  larger  returns.  One  firm  of  inde- 
pendent packers  inform  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  that  they  paid 
this  winter  $14,000  on  the  trees  for  the  crop  of  a  fifteen  acre  grove, 
and  $5000  on  the  trees  for  the  crop  of  a  five  acre  grove.  Their  profit 
on  the  latter  was  $2,200,  less  expenses.  This  sounds  good,  but  does 
not  equal  those  golden  bonanza  days  in  the  orange  industry  when" 
$2000  could  be  taken  from  a  single  acre  within  the  course  of  one  year. 

PREPARATION  FOR  PLANTING,  STOCK  AND  PLANTING. 

Getting  the        Before   the   planting,    preferably    in   the    spring,    the 

Ground  land  should  be  thoroughly  worked.     All    weeds    and 

Ready.  tubble  should  be  plowed  under:  they  will  add  to  the 

fertility  of  the  soil.     But    first    the    land    should  .  be 

surveyed   and   graded,    so   that   water   can   be    carried   to   each   tree. 


Where  the  land  has  not  been  first  properly  graded,  the  owner  finds 
later  to  his  sorrow  that  it  is  impossible  to  water  properly  all  trees 
in  the  grove.  After  the  grading  the  land  should  be  plowed  at  least 
twelve  inches  deep.  The  land  should  then  be  settled  by  rains  or 
irrigation,  and  plowed  again,  deeper,  if  possible,  than  the  first  plow- 
ing. The  soil  should  be  thoroughly  pulverized  by  harrowing. 

The  Nurseryman  is       It  is  neither  wise  nor  expedient  for  a  new 

Worthy  of  grower  to  try  to  propagate  his  own  stock,  as 

His  Gain.  any  saving  he  may  effect  will  be  vastly  offset 

by  time  wasted  and  interest  on  investment. 

He  should  endeavor  to  secure  trees  that  are  true  to  name,  of  vigor- 
ous constitution,  and  so  grown  as  to  produce  maximum  crops  when 
they  arrive  at  the  bearing  age.  The  veteran  advice  of  practiced  grow- 
ers may  well  be  sought  when  buying  citrus  stock.  It  does  not  pay 
to  economize  in  buying  young  trees.  Only  clean,  healthy,  well-grown 
trees  should  be  accepted.  Scrubby,  ill-grown,  neglected  trees  are 
dear  even  as  a  gift,  and  will  never  repay  the  care  and  outlay  required 
in  their  culture. 

The  following  pertinent  advice  with  regard  to  the  buying  and 
planting  of  nursery  stock  is  contained  in  an  essay  read  before  the 
Kscondido  Farmers'  Institute  by  B.  F.  Dixon : 

"We  know  that  it  is  possible  to  pack  trees  so  that  they  may  be 
shipped  long  distances,  and,  when  planted,  nearly  all  live,  but  from 
observations  of  the  experiences  of  various  planters  we  have  concluded 
that  the  only  safe  plan  is  to  buy  your  trees  from  the  nearest  nursery 
and  superintend  the  digging  of  them  yourself.  After  your  trees  are 
planted  in  orchard  form  they  should  be  watered  and  thoroughly  cul- 
tivated every  thirty  days  during  the  dry  season.  In  the  rainy  season 
cultivate  enough  to  keep  down  the  weeds." 

Time  for  Planting     The  orange  being  an  evergreen,  may  be  trans- 

and  ^planted  at  any  time,   but   from   April  to  June 

Arrangement.       ""  is  the  best  season,   when  the  ground  is  warm 

and  the  tree  is  at  its  period  of  greatest  strength 

and  root  power.  The  orange  is  supersensitive  to  exposure  of  its 
roots,  and  fcr  this  reason  the  handling  of  young  trees  is  different  from 
that  of  ordinary  orchard  trees.  Exposure  of  the  roots  or  careless 
planting  will  doom  the  tree  to  slow,  sickly  growth,  or  kill  it  outright. 

That  the  trees  may  be  placed  in  straight  rows  and  the  orchard 
present  a  tidy  appearance,  as  well  as  to  give  each  tree  its  fair  show, 
the  ground  should  be  laid  off  carefully  by  the  square,  quincunx,  or 
hexagonal  methods.  (See  "The  Citrus  in  California.") 

Methods  There   are   two  principal  methods  by  which  your 

of  tree  may  be  transplanted   from  its  nursery  to  its 

Transplanting.       permanent  home,  your  orchard.     First,  there  is  the 

balling  system.     A   narrow  trench  is   made  along 

a  row  of  nursery  trees  at  a  distance  of  about  six  inches.     The  tap 

root  is  cut  about  eighteen  inches  deep;  then,  with  a  sharp  spade,  the 

earth  is  cut  out,  leaving  in  it  the  tree.     The  leaves  of  trees  taken  up 

by  this  process  will  hardly  wilt. 

8 


Second,  there  is  the  puddling  system.  Where  the  soil  is  so  loose 
that  balling  is  impossible,  a  hole  is  dug  around  the  nursery  tree  and 
filled  with  water.  This  soon  loosens  the  roots  and  the  tree  is  lifted 
out  without  difficulty.  Many  prefer  this  system,  as  it  is  less  expen- 
sive, and  gives  the  trees  larger  and  more  roots. 

Topping  the  Tree       Many  planters  hold  that  trees  taken   from  the 

and  nursery  should  be  topped,  and  the  branches  so 

Extending  its          cut  that  in  starting  they  will  form  a  fine-shaped 

Roots.  head.     This,  they  say,  prevents  the  evaporation 

that  takes  place  so  rapidly  when  the  leaves  are 

allowed  to  remain  on  the  young  trees.  When  the  roots  have  taken 
a  firm  hold  in  the  new  soil  and  resumed  their  natural  functions,  they 
can  take  care  of  the  new  leaves  that  put  forth. 

A  common  and  harmful  practice  in  planting  trees  with-  loose 
roots  is  to  place  the  tree  in  the  hole,  fill  the  hole  with  soil  and  water, 
and  then  tramp  on  it  to  pack  the  earth.  As  the  roots  are  covered 
with  thick  mud  they  will  stick  together,  and  though  the  tree  may 
grow  even  with  this  hard  usage,  it  will  not  do  nearly  so  well  as  when 
the  roots  are  extended  with  care.  The  process  is  simple.  The  hole 
should  be  half  filled  with  earth,  which  being  loose  admits  the  tap 
root  of  the  tree  by  slight  pressure  of  the  hand ;  then  the  lateral  roots 
are  spread  and  the  soil  is  lightly  pressed.  Heavy  tramping  is  not 
necessary,  as  the  water  settles  the  dirt  and  keeps  the  roots  in  place. 
As  soon  as  the  water  in  the  basin  has  disappeared,  the  basin  is  covered 
with  loose  soil;  this. will  prevent  evaporation  and  keep  the  tree  from 
leaning  over. 

Newly  transplanted  stock  in  case  of  either  a  cold  or  hot  spell, 
may  Ipe  protected  by  wrapping  with  old  newspapers. 

PRUNING,  PROPPING  AND  BUDDING. 

Low  Pruning          A  contest  was  waged  for  many  years  between  the 
is  advocates  of  high  and  low  pruning.    Victory  finally 

Best.  perched  on  the  banners  of  the  low  pruners ;  experi- 

ence having  demonstrated  that  in  the  California 
climate  with  its  long  dry  period,  and  in  the  dry  soils  in  which  citrus 
fruits  attain  their  best  condition,  low  pruning  protects  the  tree  from  the 
sun  and  better  retains  the  moisture  in  the  earth  around  the  root  of 
the  tree.  The  fruit  of  a  low-pruned  tree  is  more  easily  and  cheaply 
gathered  than  that  of  a  high-pruned  tree. 

Clipping         Different  varieties  of  oranges,  or  the  same  in  different 
and  localities,  are  picked  in  differing  seasons,  and  the  proper 

Pruning.  time  for  pruning  is  after  the  removal  of  the  crop.  At 
all  seasons  of  the  year,  however,  superfluous  sprouts  on 
the  trunk  and  stray  branches  that  threaten  to  throw  the  tree  out  of 
balance  should  be  removed  without  delay.  That  the  knife  should  be 
very  sharp  is  essential  and  all  cuts  should  be  made  as  smooth  as  pos- 
sible. Cuts  made  with  a  saw  should  be  pared  down  smooth  with  a 
sharp  knife,  then  waxed  over  and  painted  with  gum  shellac  in  proper 


solution  to  spread  easily.  The  primer  is  a  tree  surgeon  who  must  tend 
the  wounds  he  has  made. 

The  young  growth  should  be  clipped  with  the  definite  idea  of 
developing  a  close  and  systematic  head.  Suitable  clipping  during  the 
early  and  rapid  stages  of  growth  of  sprouts  and  stray  branches  should 
obviate  almost  entirely  the  need  of  pruning. 

Propping       Propping  of  overladen  trees  is  an  essential   feature  of 

Overladen      orchard  work.     Adjustable  props  made  of   wood  have 

Trees.         taken  the  place  of  the  old  style  willow  poles.     The  props 

are  so  arranged  that  the  ends  rest  under  the  tree  and  do 

not  interfere  with  the  cultivator,  as  they  did  when  placed  surrounding 

the  tree  on  the  outside. 

Improvement          Stock   may   be  improved  by  budding.     As    before 
by  said,  care  should  be  taken  in  buying  nursery  stock 

Budding.  that  the  trees  be  true  to  name ;  but  if  upon  coming 

into  bearing  they  are  not,  or  do  not  bear  well,  they 
should  be  cut  back  and  budded  over.  Many  different  varieties  of 
oranges  may  be  grafted  on  one  tree.  An  orange  tree  may  be  budded 
to  lemons,  or  a  lemon  tree  to  oranges,  according  as  one  crop  is  more 
profitable  than  the  other.  This  is  something  of  a  gamble,  as  it  can- 
not be  determined  by  one  year's  sales  which  way  the  market  will  go 
the  next. 

This  bulletin  is  restricted  in  length  and  for  directions  for  budding 
the  reader  is  referred  to  "The  Culture  of  the  Citrus  in  California," 
which  contains  full  information  with  illustrations. ' 

IRRIGATION,  CULTIVATION  AND  FERTILIZATION. 

Orange  Raising      The  raising  of  the  orange  in  California  should  only 
Partially  be  attempted  in  districts  where  irrigation  is  pos- 

Artificial.  sible.  The  tree  is  a  native  of  tropical  forests, 
where  it  grows  in  warm  soil  and  obtains  abundant 
moisture ;  and  its  successful  culture  in  California,  which  lacks  sum- 
mer rains  and  moisture-laden  atmosphere,  is  necessarily  in  a  degree 
artificial,  and  may  be  regarded  as  a  notable  triumph  of  modern  horti- 
culture. 

How  to  Cultivate      Cultivation  and  irrigation  are  closely  related  to 

and  each  other.     In  order  to  achieve  the  best  results, 

Irrigate.  water   should   be   applied    in    sufficient   but   not 

excessive  amounts;  and  deep  irrigation  as  well 

as  cultivation  will  keep  the  feeding  roots  as  low  as  possible.  The 
depth  of  cultivation  should  vary  from  year  to  year ;  twelve  inches, 
eight  inches,  ten  inches,  fourteen  inches,  eight  inches,  twelve  inches, 
ate.  Such  variation  in  cultivation  puts  an  end  to  much  of  the  out- 
ery  against  "hardpan,"  which  frequently  is  not  hardpan  at  all,  but 
only  the  well-known  "plow-sole,"  which  comes  from  plowing  to  the 
same  depth  each  time,  with  the  added  aggravation  of  shallow  irriga- 
tion. Experience  shows  that  the  best  results  with  irrigation  are  ob- 
tained where  water  is  slowly  run  in  deep  furrows,  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  surface  is  kept  dry  and  deeply  cultivated.  With  this 

10 


method  a  team  can  be  driven  along  the  dry  strips  of  land  between 
the  furrows,  and  with  a  harrow  or  other  appliance  the  dry  soil  can 
be  dragged  into  the  wet  furrows  to  lessen  the  evaporation,  imme- 
diately after  the  irrigation  water  is  turned  off.  With  any  other  sys- 
tem, it  is  necessary  to  wait  twelve  hours,  or  much  longer,  before  a 
team  can  be  driven  over  the  ground. 

The  cost  of  installing  a  sub-irrigation  system  places  it  beyond 
the  reach  of  the  ordinary  small  grower ;  but  it  is  the  ideal  way  to  apply 
water,  and  greatly  lessens  waste.  Howeven,  the  method  outlined 
above,  approaches  sub-irrigation  more  nearly  than  any  other. 

Much  more  benefit  can  be  derived  from  the  same  amount  of 
water  when  it  is  run  three  days  instead  of  two,  the  third  day  leaving 
more  water  in  the  ground  than  either  of  the  others. 

When  and  Where     California  soil  is  known  to  be  naturally   rich ; 

Fertilization          and  when   orange  trees  are  planted  on  virgin 

is  Necessary.         ground,  they  will  usually  do  well  for  the  first 

few  years  without  any  application  of  fertilizer. 

In  sections  where  the  soil  is  shallow  it  is  expedient  to  apply  a  fertilizer 

every  year  from  the  time  the  orchard  is  planted. 

Experience  of  orange  growers  proves  that  the  quantity  of  fruit 
may  be  increased,  and  the  quality  improved  by  fertilization.  The 
extent  and  character  of  fertilizing  is  obviously  dependent  upon  local 
conditions.  The  new  man  will  observe  and  follow  the  practice  of 
the  most  successful  growers  in  his  immediate  locality.  California 
soil  is  rich  in  all  the  subsidiary  elements  necessary  for  orange  cul- 
ture, and  the  intelligent  grower  will  see  that  his  trees  do  not  suffer 
for  want  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid  and  potash,  the  elements  which 
the  crop  draws  annually  from  the  ground,  and  which  must  be  re- 
placed. 

Different  Kinds          The  generally  accepted  way  to  enrich  the  soil 

of  is  to  place  the  best  manure,  and  the  most  of  it 

Fertilizers.  that   is   practicable,   upon   the   orchard   with   its 

first   fertilization,    and   piece    it   out   afterwards 

with  such  commercial  fertilizers  as  local  experience  has  proven  profit- 
able. In  many  orchards  a  green  fertilizer  is  planted,  cow  peas  or 
vetches  being  considered  the  best  two  for  a  cover  crop  to  be  turned 
under  in  the  spring. 

DISEASES. 

Victory  Won    The  orange  in  California  is  subject  to  but  few  dis- 

over  eases.     Once  the  industry  was  threatened  by  the  white 

Disease.          cottony  cushion  scale,  and  once  by  the  black  scale ; 

but   both    were   conquered   by   science   and   patience. 

Every  form  of  insect  pest  can  be  successfully  eradicated  if  due  care 

be  exercised.     The  Horticultural  Commissioners  in  each  county  stand 

ready  to  give  veteran  advice  and  assistance  to  new  growers  in  case 

their  trees  show  signs  of  disease. 

11 


Fumigation  and         Of  the  insect  pests  of  the  orange,  the  most  to  be 

Spraying  for  feared  are  those  which  attack  the   fruit — either 

Scale  Pests.  its    surface    or    pulp.     A    common    precaution 

against   any   possible   insect   disease   in   nursery 

stock  is  its  thorough  disinfection  with  carbon  bisulphide,  which  no 
insect  life  can  withstand. 

The  red  scale  and  the  purple  scale,  both  brought  into  California 
from  Florida,  and  the  black  scale  and  the  brown  scale,  have  been 
successfully  treated  by  fumigation  with  hydrocyanic  gas.  The  treat- 
ment is  elaborate  and  requires  special  apparatus,  which  is  described  in 
Bulletins  122  and  152  and  Circular  11,  all  to  be  had  free  upon  appli- 
cation to  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  at  Berkeley. 

These  pests  are  also  treated  by  spraying  with  a  solution  of  dis- 
tillate. 

Gum  There  are  various  forms  of  so-called  gum  diseases.     One 

Disease.  attacks  both  old  and  young  trees  at  the  crown  and  the 
root,  while  another  appears  on  the  large  limbs  in  the 
form  of  a  scab,  and  another  on  the  trunks  and  main  branches.  The 
most  deadly  of  these  is  the  root  form,  which  is  apt  to  break  out  in 
almost  any  locality.  This  is  an  exudation  of  the  sap  which  breaks 
through  the  bark  of  the  trunk  close  to  the  ground,  and  congeals  in 
the  form  of  a  gum. 

How  One   successful   remedy   for  this   disease   is  to  peel   off 

Treated.  the  bark  where  the  gum  oozes  and  cover  the  diseased 
part  with  a  solution  of  two  parts  of  resin  and  one  part 
of  beeswax,  thinned  with  linseed  oil.  Another  remedy  is  to  crease 
the  bark  from  the  limb  to  the  root  with  a  knife,  then  paint  the  entire 
trunk  of  the  tree  with  neat's  foot  oil. 

The  new -grower  may  not  have  any  of  the  unpleasant  experiences 
indicated  above,  but  "forewarned  is  forearmed." 

FROST. 

Shutting  out      California  has  not  been  so  subject  to  frost  as  some 
King  less  favored  portions  of  the  country,  but  she  has  not 

Frost.  enjoyed  immunity.     Repeated  severe  frosts  in  a  local- 

ity demonstrate  it  to  be  unfitted  to  the  citrus  industry ; 

but  some  of  the  best  orange-growing  sections  occasionally  get  a  nip. 

However,  human  ingenuity  has  met  the  frost  king  and  held  him  at 

bay.     In  sections  liable  to  slight  frosts,  preventive  measures  are  taken, 

such  as  -the  planting  of  windbreaks,  which  keep  out  frost  as  well  as 

wind;   and   the   natural   protection   afforded   the    fruit  by   promoting 

heavy  leafing. 

In  cases  of  emergency  frost  is  fought  and  conquered  by  the  use 

of  covers,  dry  heat,  and  smudges.     The  first  named  method  is  only 

practicable  in  small  orchards.     For  details  of  frost  fighting  see  "The 

Citrus  in  California,"  pages  155  to  161. 

Seldom,  even  in  the  worst  seasons,  will  frost  extend  over  more 

than  one  or  two  nights;  and  a  late  frost,  when  the  orange  is  near 

maturity,  harms  it  but  slightly. 

The  new  grower  is  reminded  that  in  looking  out  against  frost  he 

can  seek  advice  from  the  Horticultural  Commissioners  of  his  county. 

12 


GATHERING,  PACKING  AND  SHIPPING. 

How  In  gathering  oranges  the  ripe  fruit  should  first  be  taken, 

to  Pick          lightening  up  the  trees.     The  orange  should  never  be 
Oranges.        pulled,  but  clipped,  preferably  with  blunt-pointed  clip- 
pers.    The  stem  must  be  cut  short,  and  great  care  should 
be  exercised  that  the  clipper  does  not  cut  the  skin. 

Cooling          Where  there  is  no  pre-cooling  plant  easy  of  access  the 
of  fruit   should   not   be   packed   fresh   from   the   tree,   but 

Fruit.  should  cool  by  lying  at  least  overnight.     Many  packing 

plants  are  equipped  with  fans  for  cooling  and  drying. 
Under  the  pre-cooling  method  fruit  is  cooled  to  and  kept  at  a  tempera- 
ture of  36  degrees.  Thus  far,  few  packing  houses  are  equipped  with 
pre-cooling  plants,  and  there  is  talk  of  the  railroads  erecting  pre- 
cooling  plants  to  care  for  the  fruit  from  the  smaller  exchanges.  Pre- 
cooled  fruit  requires  but  one  icing  between  Los  Angeles  and  the 
extreme  east,  as  against  two  or  three  where  there  has  been  no  pre- 
cooling.  The  percentage  of  decay  is  reduced  to  a  minimum,  and  the 
fruit  has  a  higher  market  value,  as  when  it  is  known  to  be  solid  and 
sweet  throughout  the  box  it  is  bound  to  command  better  prices. 

Machinery  and  The  following  description  of  a  packing  house 

Methods  Employed       is  taken  from  "The  Decay  of  Oranges  while 

in  in   Transit   from   California,"  by   G.   Harold 

Packing  Houses.          Powell:     "The     average    packing    house    is 
equipped   with    box-making   machines,   which 

nail  together  the  boxes  for  carrying  the  fruit  to  market ;  specially  con- 
structed hand-trucks  for  moving  several  picking  or  shipping  boxes  at 
a  time;  hoppers  for  receiving  the  fruit;  washing  tanks  and  scrubbing 
machines  to  remove  the  sooty-mold  fungus,  and  drying  racks  in  those 
sections  where  the  fruit  has  to  be  washed ;  elevators  to  carry  the  fruit 
to  the  grading  and  sizing  machines,  drying  racks  and  other  places ; 
carrying  belts  or  chutes ;  automatic  weighing  and  recording  scales  for 
weighing  the  different  grades  of  fruit  of  each  grower ;  series  of  padded 
bins,  sometimes  with  self-adjusting  bottoms,  for  receiving  the  differ- 
ent sizes  of  fruit ;  belts  to  carry  the  packed  boxes ;  presses  for  covering 
the  boxes,  and  sometimes  a  system  of  fans  to  assist  in  drying  the 
fruit;  and  a  machine  to  wrap  the  fruit  automatically.  All  of  the 
stationary  machinery  is  run  by  power,  making  the  interior  of  a 
large  packing  house  in  operation  resemble  the  interior  of  a  complex 
factory. 

"There  is  a  wide  variation  in  the  type  and  arrangement  of  the 
different  kinds  of  machinery." 

Fruit  Graded  According     The  grading  of  fruit  has  no  reference  to 

to  Quality,  its  size,  but  depends  upon  the  general  tex- 

not  Size.  ture  of  skin,  on  appearance  as  influenced 

by   scars,   and   on  the  general   form   and 

style  of  the  fruit.  Bright  colored,  smooth,  firm  oranges,  with  thin 
fine  skin,  will  always  command  the  best  price. 

The  grades  of  oranges  are  usually  known  as  "Fancy,"  "Choice," 
and   "Standard."     Weight,   juiciness,   thin,  deep-orange-colored   skin 

13 


fine  in  texture,  and  freedom  from  blemishes  are  the  requisites  for  the 
first  grade.  A  "Choice"  orange  is  supposed  to.  have  good  color  and 
fairly  good  texture.  It  may  have  a  few  slight  blemishes;  but  it  is 
supposed  to  be  free  from  frost  damage  and  reasonably  heavy  and 
juicy.  A  "Standard"  orange  may  be  quite  badly  scarred  or  discolored, 
coarse  in, texture  and  irregular  in  form,  but  should  be  merchantable 
shipping  stock.  There  is  a  fourth  grade,  "Culls,"  sold  to  peddlers, 
or  shipped  to  nearby  markets. 

Standard  Packs  and      A  standard  box  of  California  oranges  is  12  by 

Boxes  for  12  by  26  inches  outside  measurement,  divided 

Oranges.        ,        in  the  middle  by  a  partition,  with  an  inside 

fruit  space  of  llj^  by  II y2  by  24  inches.     A 

box  of  oranges  packed  for  the  market  is  estimated  to  average  72 
pounds.  The  number  of  oranges  in  a  box  may  vary  from  80  to  324, 
and  for  the  different  sizes  of  oranges  there  are  standard  methods  of 
arranging  the  layers.  Packs  of  80,  96,  and  112  oranges  go  in  four 
layers;  126,  150,  176,  200  in  five  layers;  250  and  324  in  six  layers. 

The  picking  box,  which  is  without  partition,  holds  but  fifty  pounds, 
and  must  not  be  confused  with  the  packing  box. 

Prime  Importance     The  researches  of  Mr.  Powell  and  his  assistants 

of  Careful  have    demonstrated    the    importance   of    careful 

Handling.  handling  of  the  crop  in  picking  and  packing,  as 

he  found  most  of  the  decay  in  transit  came  from 

mechanical  injuries.  Perhaps  the  clipper  has  cut  the  skin,  one  orange 
has  punctured  another,  the  fruit  has  been  dropped  hard  and  bruised, 
or  punctured  by  the  finger-nail  of  the  picker  or  by  twigs  and  gravel 
in  the  bottom  of  the  picking  boxes;  or  the  trouble  may  have  been 
caused  in  the  packing  house  by  a  broken  wire  in  a  wash  tank,  a  pro- 
truding screw  among  the  bristles  of  a  brushing  machine,  a  nail  or  bolt 
extending  into  a  chute  or  runway,  or  some  similar  defect  as  easily 
remedied. 

Associations  Market      The  grower  generally  delivers  his  crop  at  the 

Major  Portion  of         nearest   packing   house,   and   from   that   time 

Crop.  on    it    is    handled    by    the    local    association, 

which   is   generally   run   on   the   co-operative 

plan.  These  co-operative  associations  handle  from  70  to  75%  of  the 
citrus  fruit  crop.  There  are  also  firms  and  individuals  who  pack, 
distribute  and  sell  fruit  on  commission  for  the  growers.  Much  of 
this  fruit  is  sold  f.  o.  b.  cars  in  California,  while  some  is  consigned  to 
distant  merchants.  Some  firms  also  buy  the  fruit  on  the  trees  from 
the  grower',  either  by  the  pound  or  by  paying  a  lump  sum  for  the 
entire  crop. 

.  The  California  Fruit  Growers'  Exchange  is  the  largest  of  the 
Co-operative  organizations,  marketing  something  more  than  56%  of 
the  entire  citrus  crop.  It  represents  about  4,000  growers  who  are 
organized  into  more  than  80  local  incorporated  associations. 

For  details  of  the  working  of  exchanges,  the  handling  of  fruit  in 
the  packing  houses,  methods  of  refrigeration,  etc.,  the  reader  is  re- 
ferred to  Mr.  Powell's  book,  the  number  of  which  is  given  above.  ,';  ... 

14 


PERIODS  OF  SHIPMENT. 

Every  Day         "California  can  ship  oranges  every  day  in  the  year." 

in  Mr.  J.  C.  Chase  of  Jacksonville,  Florida.     "In  fact, 

the  Year.          California  can  keep  the  market  supplied  with  oranges 

fresh  from  the  tree  and  in  prime  condition  the  year 

around."     Edward  J.   Wickson,   in  "California   Fruits,   and  How  to 

Grow  Them." 

There  is  no  time  in  the  year  when  there  are  not  some  shipments 
of  oranges  from  California,  and  the  period  of  ripening  of  the  different 
varieties  should  be  made  a  matter  of  close  study  by  the  person  in- 
tending to  set  out  a  new  orange  grove,  for  there  are  certain  times  in 
the  year  when  the  California  orange  has  no  competition  whatever, 
and  consequently  brings  a  fancy  price. 

Shipments  Heaviest       At  present,  the  lightest  shipping  months  are 
after  September  and  October.     Some  of  the  crop  is 

Christmas.  picked  early  and  shipped  east  for  the  Thanks- 

giving trade,  and  the  large  Christmas  demand 

is  also  supplied.  In  January  the  heaviest  shipments  begin,  consisting 
mainly  of  the  navel  orange.  Shipments  of  navels  continue  until  June. 
The  late  Valencia  and  Joppa  oranges  are  shipped  in  July  and  August. 
Some  growers  of  Valencias  hold  their  crops  on  the  trees  even  longer, 
marketing  them  as  late  as  November. 

VARIETIES  OF  FRUIT. 

The  most  profitable  varieties  of  oranges  grown  in  California  are 
the  following,  and  their  relative  importance  is  about  according  to  the 
order  in  which  they  are  named : 

Variety  most  Washington  Navels.     The  fruit  is  of  a  flam- 

Commonly  Planted.  ing  golden  color ;  is  solid,  heavy  and  seedless ; 
smooth  of  skin  and  fine  of  texture ;  pulp  melt- 
ing, very  juicy  and  highly  flavored.  It  begins  to  ripen  in  November. 
The  tree  is  semi-dwarf,  a  rapid  grower,  and  a  prolific  and  early  bearer. 
Its  foliage  is  deep  green,  heavy  and  compact,  with  leaf  large  and 
prominently  winged.  It  is  sturdy  stock,  with  limbs  well  balanced, 
smooth  and  deep  green  branches,  and  is  thornless.  The  blossom  eon- 
tains  a  secondary  blossom  within  itself.  The  tree  was  imported  from 
Bahia,  Brazil. 

Profit  in  Late  Valencia.     This  orange  has  proven  one  of  the 

Valencias.  most,  if  not  the  most  profitable.  It  ripens  in  May 
and  June,  when  the  other  varieties  are  out  of  the 
market,  and  can  be  held  on  the  trees  as  late  as  November  and  still 
be  in  fine  shipping  condition.  The  fruit  is  elliptical,  large  arid  very 
heavy,  contains  very  few  or  no  seeds,  is  remarkably  juicy  and  fine  in 
flavor,  and  in  contrast  with  its  pale  yellow  or  greenish  skin  is  the 
deepest  orange  within.  It  is  an  excellent  shipper.  The  tree,  which 
is  large  and  prolific,  was  imported  from  England.  '•'  . 

A  Heavy        Mediterranean  Sweet.     Fruit  of  medium  size  to  large, 

Bearer.         pulp  and  skin  of  exceedingly  fine  texture,  has  few  seeds, 

is  deep  orange  color,  and  ripens  late.     The  tree,  which 

is  thornless,  of  a  dwarf  habit  a^nd  a  heavy  bearer,  was  brought  from 

the  Mediterranean  region. 

16 


A  Dash  of     Malta  Blood.     Fruit  medium   size,   oval  shape,   textur 

Red.  and  flavor  very  fine,  pulp  marked  vinus  with  red ;  cor 

tains   Very   few   seeds.     The   fruit   often,  shows  toucht 

of  red  on  the  skin  also.     The  tree  is  dwarf  and  thornless,  and  wa 

imported  from  the  Mediterranean  region. 

An  Island      Paper  Rind  St.  Michael.     Fruit  small,  round,  firm  an 

Variety.        juicy,  with  a  pale,  thin  skin.     It  grows  very  uniforr 

in  size,  ripens  late  and  keeps  well  on  the  tree ;  is  a  rapi 

grower  and  prolific  bearer.    The  tree  is  large  and  was  imported  fror 

the  Azores.  ;  •. 

Aromatic  and        Tangerine  or  Kid  Glove.     Fruit  deep  red,  smal 
Delicious.  very  sweet  and  aromatic,  and  when  ripe  the  rin 

is  very  easily  detached.     The  tree  is  dwarf,  un 
form  in  shape,  and  of  a  weeping  habit. 

For  Gardens.         Satsuma.     Fruit  small,  flattened,  of  exceedingly  fin 
texture,   sweet   and   seedless,   rind  very   easily   dc 
tached.    The  tree  is  dwarf  and  very  hardy.     It  is  best  suited  for  gai 
dens. 

Edible  Whole.  Kumquot,  or  Japanese  Orange.  Fruit  is  edib! 
whole  (rind  and  all),  is  very  small  and  elongate 
in  shape,  with  rind  thick,  yellow,  smooth!,  sweet  and  scented.  Th 
fruit  has  very  little  pulp  and  contains  many  seeds.  The  tree  is 
dwarf,  little  more  than  a  bush,  and  like  the  Satsuma,  is  best  suite 
for  gardens  or  home  plots. 

A  WORD  OF  WARNING. 

In  closing,  the  Los  Angeles  Chamber  of  Commerce  warns  pui 
chasers  of  orange  lands  to  buy  no  property  without  seeing  it  persor 
ally,  no  matter  what  representations  are  made  regarding  it,  nor  b 
whom. 

A  real  estate  man  may  be  perfectly  honest  in  thinking  land  goo 
for  oranges,  but  he  may  have  taken  somebody's  else  word  for  it,  an 
not  have  looked  into  the  matter  carefully  himself.  The  intendin 
purchaser  is  the  party  most  interested,  and  he  should  himself  loo 
thoroughly  into  the  situation: — lay  of  the  land;  soil,  climatic  cond 
tions  (whether  reasonably  free  from  frost),  and  water  supply. 

In  addition  to  the  honest  dealer  who  is  liable  to  error,  there  ar< 
unhappily  in  Southern  California,  as  well  as  elsewhere,  unscrupulot 
men  who  will  do  anything  to  turn  a  dollar. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  is  beseiged  with  questions  regardin 
the  reliability  of  real  estate  agents.  It  is  not  within  its  province  t 
pass  on  such  questions,  as  this  would  necessitate  a  separate  depar 
ment,  leading  the  organization  into  the  field  of  the  mercantile  agencie 

There  are  plenty  of  trustworthy  real  estate  men  in  California,  an 
the. seeker  after  land,  if  he  be  at  all  a  judge  of  human  nature,  shoul 
be  able  to  determine  whether  or  not  a  dealer  is  reliable  when  he  come 
into  contact  with  him. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  says  to  all  intending  purchasers:  de; 
in  person  with  the  agent  or  owner,  look  at  the  land,  study  the  valu 
of  its  location,  and  know  what  you  are  getting  before  you  buy. 

16 


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